Samenvatting

Abstract: Selecting the optimal sampling method is an essential component of the DNA analysis
process. Errors or omissions in targeting and gathering relevant samples can significantly reduce the
likelihood of obtaining a valuable DNA profile, affecting the profile’s quality and evidential value
and ultimately hindering its ability to support the justice system. While DNA typing techniques have
become significantly more sensitive in recent years, there is an ongoing need for further advancements
in the recovery of DNA from crime scenes. It is essential to improve the accuracy and reliability
of forensic investigations, particularly in cases where only tiny amounts of DNA are present, such
as touch DNA samples or degraded forensic evidence. Parameters, including swab material, type
of substrate, and swabbing protocol, that influence the efficiency of a swab are discussed in this
review. This is followed by a literature review of studies that have compared swab types and/or other
sampling conditions. While swabs are the most-used collection tools at a crime scene, alternatives are
available. These alternatives are reviewed, including their advantages and disadvantages. A critical
discussion and conclusions make clear that, unfortunately, neither swabs nor their alternatives are
highly effective in recovering DNA from a substrate.