A new gravitation wave observatory is being built in Japan. This facility is a big Michelson interferometer where the mirrors and sensors will be made cryogenic down to 4 K. The problem is that: the heat cannot be transported out of the mirror by its surroundings because the whole system is in an ultra-high …

Single Fiber Reflectance spectroscopy (SFR) can be used to determine tissue optical properties such as scattering and absorption. The SFR technique employs a semi-empirical modal, which contains a parameter that is dependent on the fiber numerical aperture, NA . However, the NA is a wavelength dependent …

How far can we go with a lightweight structure that consists of almost weightless twigs? At what point does wicker need support from an additional structure? And how can we scale up a traditional technique, which is usually related to basket weaving and small objects, to the scale of architecture? These …