Small retail entrepreneurs in the Netherlands are confronted with declining turnover and ROI. A decrease and even disappearance of small retail in town centres, suburbs and villages is not just a loss of income for the people involved. It constitutes also a loss of attractiveness and economic viability …

In traditional marketing advertising is part of product promotion, one of the four P's of marketing. In the 20th century media channels such as papers and magazines, and later on radio and television, were used to distribute and broadcast advertisements in order to create product and brand awareness …

Parallel trade is 'the legal importation of genuine goods into a country by intermediaries other than authorised distributors' (Albaum, Duerr, Strandskov, 2005, p. 313). It has been concluded that parallel import is a result of price differences across European countries, which in turn, is the result …