Fifty years after its launch, the European Union still has not succeeded in attracting the appropriate level of interest and the full support of EU citizens. Informing citizens about the European Union is a task of the government and the media, so that people gain knowledge and form an opinion about …

In this article, information-processing type and gender differences in the interplay between motivational aspects (i.e., interest, persistence, test anxiety, and performance anxiety) and information processing were investigated. We argue that the two common information-processing modes, surface- and …