Nicotine is a well-known and highly addictive substance with complex effects on cognition, anxiety, and neurophysiology. Despite its short-term anxiolytic effects, this drug often exacerbates anxiety symptoms. It disrupts emotional regulation through its impact on the central nucleus of the amygdala …

Brain disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy have been linked to an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) inputs in the brain. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying E/I balance and plasticity in the brain are largely unresolved. Inhibitory synapses have a strong impact on brain …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the common neurodegenerative disorder and the most frequent cause of dementia. The disease accounts around 80% of all dementia diagnoses. The main reason of developing AD is amyloid cascade which starts from missense mutations in APP (amyloid precursor protein), Rho-associated …

SMPD4 is a neutral sphingomyelinase that plays an important role in sphingolipid metabolism. Sphingolipids are a family of lipid molecules abundantly present in the brain where they play an important role in the brain development and function due to their essential cellular role as structural components …