Worldwide, fish species are the most threatened taxa among freshwater vertebrates and have declined by 76% over the past 40 years. Anthropogenic activities such as the construction of dykes and dams are the main cause of this. These obstacles are very important for contemporary society, but they pose …

Coral reefs in the Caribbean have suffered massive losses of corals since the early 1980s due to a wide range of human impacts, such as explosive human populations growth, coastal pollution, global warming, overfishing, invasive species and diseases. The publication in the journal science in 2003 stated …