Building energy performance is largely determined during the early conceptual design stages. However, energy evaluation is often postponed until after key architectural decisions—such as massing and façade configuration—have been finalized, limiting opportunities for meaningful optimization. This study …

During the symposium NoorderRuimte, researchers and students present their work. During the session Sustainable Built Environment (SBE), the lector and researchers presented their work with the concept of 'the brick', discussing past, present and future aspects of material, designing, architecture and …