Samenvatting

Climate change and urban adaptation measures are reshaping environments relevant to human health, including vector-borne diseases such as dengue. This study assesses potential health risks associated with nature-based solutions (NbS), with a focus on mosquitoes and ticks, to support safe climate adaptation in urban areas. The study combines a literature review with field observations of 150 biofiltration systems in the Netherlands, USA and Canada, and interviews with public health experts. Hydraulic performance, vegetation characteristics and maintenance practices were analysed. In addition, NbS mapping data from ClimateScan.org were used to assess distribution, uptake and potential exposure. Results show that mosquito breeding in bioswales and rain gardens is unlikely, as 99% of systems drain within two days, which is significantly shorter than the minimum seven-day larval development period. These systems are therefore considered low risk. In contrast, higher risks are associated with measures that retain standing water, such as rain barrels, watering cans and constructed wetlands. Hybrid systems, combining green and grey infrastructure, may also pose risks where standing water persists. Compared to conventional grey infrastructure, risks are not expected to increase in areas where biofiltration replaces gully pots, although further research is required. The study concludes that most NbS do not inherently increase vector-borne disease risks when properly designed and maintained. However, targeted measures are needed for systems with standing water. Remaining knowledge gaps, particularly regarding invasive species and climate change impacts, highlight the need for further field research and monitoring. An integrated EcoHealth approach is recommended to align climate adaptation with public health protection, supported by practical design and maintenance guidelines and spatial risk assessments. More research in this field will be done in 2026 in (inter)national projects KLIMAZO and Biodivercity.