Samenvatting

This study compares three farm-scale biogas utilization pathways—combined heat and power (CHP), biogas upgrading, and bio-methanation—using process simulation and life cycle assessment to identify the most suitable option for on-farm application. Bio-methanation showed the highest practical energy efficiency, while CHP exhibited the lowest overall environmental burdens. Freshwater eutrophication and climate change were the dominant impact categories across all pathways, largely due to digestate and manure management. The findings highlight the need to jointly consider energy performance and environmental impacts when selecting farm-scale biogas utilization strategies.