This study compares three farm-scale biogas utilization pathways—combined heat and power (CHP), biogas upgrading, and bio-methanation—using process simulation and life cycle assessment to identify the most suitable option for on-farm application. Bio-methanation showed the highest practical energy efficiency, …

Medium-scale farms using anaerobic digestion must choose among different biogas utilization pathways, each with distinct technical and environmental implications. This study develops an integrated assessment framework that combines Aspen Plus process simulations with life cycle assessment in openLCA …